For effectively preventing sideways load, ensure that the joints are stronger as compared to the beams. But the amount of damage they cause is a function of decisions made by politicians, engineers and business executives. Houses not secured to foundations shifted off. Always ensure to take effective slope stabilizing measures before constructing buildings in hilly regions. Suzuki Kantaro contributed reporting from Tokyo. Miyamoto, who was raised in Japan but now lives in California, said there was increasingly sharp disagreement between Japan and the United States over seismic engineering.“The Japanese are completely flabbergasted about how we design out here,” he said.Protecting tall buildings from earthquakes is among the highest-stakes endeavors for engineers. The development of earthquake engineering hopes to counter this. Keep the height of the structures such that they are able to resist the sideways drag successfully.You can also make existing buildings resistant to the effects of earthquakes by retrofitting older buildings with Ferrocement bands and embedding metal strips horizontally and vertically across the walls.It is important for a country like India, with a burgeoning urban population to adopt strict measures for constructing earthquake proof buildings. Made by Earthquake Protection Systems, a company based in California, the devices isolate the steel frame of the building from the shaking of the ground and foundation during an earthquake. “But the fact is, truly significant damaging earthquakes will affect a place like San Francisco or Los Angeles maybe once every 100 to 200 years.”In cities like San Francisco, where the median price of a home is well above a million dollars, the notion of making construction costs even more expensive is likely to be unpopular, even if the goal is to preserve the city in the long run.Large earthquakes are around 10 times more common in Japan than in the continental United States, according to Hiroo Kanamori, an emeritus professor of seismology at the California Institute of Technology.But seismic history suggests that California may be due for large earthquakes, which often come in clusters.In Northern California, the last five major earthquakes along the Hayward fault, the jagged crack in the earth that runs through the heavily populated cities of Berkeley and Oakland across the bay from San Francisco, have occurred on average every 140 years.The last one was 151 years ago. Japan and the United States, two of the world’s most technologically advanced countries, have the same problem — how to protect people and society from earthquakes — and yet they have responded in very different ways.Japan, through both government mandates and its engineering culture, builds stronger structures capable of withstanding earthquakes and being used immediately afterward. But American advocates say they face a number of obstacles.Evan Reis, a co-founder of the U.S. Resiliency Council, a nonprofit organization, says the biggest impediment is that unlike in Japan, buildings change hands frequently in America and the developers who build them do not see the incentive in making them more robust.“Short-term thinking is absolutely the biggest villain,” Mr. Reis said. Analogous to America’s debate over health insurance, the American philosophy has been to make more resilient buildings an individual choice, not a government mandate.“Do we want to be more like Japan and are we willing to pay the price?” said Joyce Fuss, president of the Structural Engineers Association of California. Canada is also studying higher strength requirements for its buildings. This results in a swift and extensive crash of the building.Taller buildings tend to amplify the shaking motion for longer periods of time, as compared to smaller buildings. The more a building sways in an earthquake, a concept known to engineers as drift, the more the potential for damage. “Throwaway buildings equal a throwaway city.”In a severe earthquake, most American buildings are designed to crumple like a car in a head-on collision, dissipating the energy of the earthquake through damage. Kasalanati estimates that there are 175 base-isolated buildings in the United States, mostly museums, hospitals and older buildings like the city halls of San Francisco and Los Angeles that were retrofitted with isolators.One American company that helped develop seismic isolation devices has shipped 70 percent of the 20,000 devices it has produced overseas.One notable building in the United States that uses the devices is Apple’s giant new headquarters in Silicon Valley.Steve Jobs, the Apple co-founder, died before construction began on the building. Base isolators are like shock absorbers between the building and the ground motion, letting a building slide back and forth while remaining upright during a quake. Seismic safety advocates describe this as a missed opportunity to save billions of dollars in reconstruction costs after the inevitable Big One strikes.Earthquakes are of course natural phenomena. The Great Hanshin earthquake of January 17, 1995, killed more than 6,000 people in and around the industrial port city.Mr. Buildings that use base isolation are more likely to survive a strong earthquake and be functional afterward. Earthquakes are nature’s worst disasters. Hamburger, the code expert, and other engineers who have worked in both countries.The so-called resilience movement — designing buildings to better withstand natural disasters such as earthquakes — has gained adherents in the United States in recent years.
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