Already in the early years of the war, Czech and Slovak emigrants in the United States had passed common agreements on a future political design. by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, issued by Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 2014-10-08. For both countries, the Habsburg-factor was a constant menace throughout the interwar period. Montenegro. This article will provide a comparison between the two Habsburg-succeeding states. Historically, under Ottoman occupation, the multicultural Balkan peoples had lived in relative peace for centuries, but the 20th century saw the rise of nationalism across the Balkans with the end of the Ottoman Empire.The historical memory of the atrocities committed specifically in World War II was more poignant in Yugoslavia than in Czechoslovakia. 14-36, p. 16.Only in Socialist Yugoslavia, a Bosnian/Macedonian (respectively) nationality was officially recognized.Janjetović, Zoran: Deca careva, pastorčad kraljeva.
): Formen des nationalen Bewußtseins im Lichte zeitgenössischer Nationalismustheorien, Munich 1994, pp. The results of the 1931-census, however, were published as late as 1943 by the German occupiers, since Belgrade was not interested in showing the inhomogeneity of the population.Wolfrum, Gerhart: Die Völker und Nationalitäten, in: Markert, Werner (ed. Both Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia were born out of the post-World War I redrawing of borders. After the founding of Czechoslovakia and the South Slavic Kingdom, they were recognized internationally and allowed broad territorial expansion with the Great Powers' consent. Jugoslawien, Köln, Graz 1954, pp. It was quite a stretch to include Slovenian, a language that had generated completely different lexis and other linguistic peculiarities. ): Czechoslovakia and Romania in the Versailles System, Prague 2006, pp. This state was planned as a warrantor of peace in the Balkans.
1968-The soviet union invaded czechoslovakia and reversed its economic reforms. The There is no study on the parallel developments of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia after the First World War. In Yugoslavia, on the other hand, nationalism led to a bloody conflict between the republics. Bukarest 1978; Ádám, Magda: Richtung Selbstvernichtung. While Slovakia’s separation from the Czech Republic was not marked by conflict, Slovenia’s creation provoked civil strife within the Yugoslav Federation. Until World War I, Czech political parties imagined autonomy within a federalized monarchy as the national political system. The Washington Czechoslovak Declaration of Independence followed on 18 October 1918, but made no mention of Slovak autonomy. The way that Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia interpreted the concept of a “nation-state” on the basis of the Paris Peace Treaties of 1919 provoked many disturbances, as inequalities and discontent among those ethnicities that did not participate in the implementation of this concept peaked.Boeckh, Katrin: Crumbling of Empires and Emerging States: Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia as (Multi)national Countries , in: 1914-1918-online. During the war, this concept evolved into the postulation of an independent state. 167-188, here pp. The bitter tension in the Balkans began between Croatia and Serbia, but the unfortunate location of Bosnia-Hercegovina, situated in between the two states to prevent conflict, drew the multi-ethnic, multi-religious Republic into the bitter conflict.Unlike the history of the Czech lands and Slovakia, the Balkans suffered from territorial competitions. Political parties with different ethnic background (only the Communist party represented an over-national party) blocked each other, the tensions between the new peripheries in the North (Slovenia and Croatia) and Belgrade grew, and political terrorism including assassinations and bombings characterized the political atmosphere. To make matters worse, the Serb leader Slobodan Milošević assumed patronage of all Serbs in the Balkans, in and outside of Serbia.
Their justified fear of a Habsburg restoration made them, unite, alongside Romania, within the Little Entente, a part of the French security system in Central Eastern Europe aimed at maintaining the political and territorial status quo in Europe. 1956-workers in poland won higher wages after an uprising. Regensburg 2009, 99-100.Evans, James: Great Britain and the Creation of Yugoslavia. In the Pittsburgh Agreement (30-31 May 1918) they reassured the Slovaks that in a common state of Czechs and Slovaks (“Czecho-Slovakia”), the Slovaks would have autonomy and their own assembly. The collapse of Yugoslavia was extremely violent, while the separation of Czechoslovakia was a peaceful “velvet divorce.” The different nature of these breakups is the result of differences in historical memories and records, unequal distribution of power, experiences under communism, and demographic makeup of these states.
In early 1918, acceptance of the destruction of Austria-Hungary and of the establishment of new countries based on the idea of a national principle gained in popularity. Exhausted from the During the evacuation to Corfu Island, the Serb government repeatedly announced the intention to “liberate and unite all unfree brothers, Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes”.
27-41, here pp.
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