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There are five stages in a lithium-ion battery supply chain—and the U.S. holds a smaller percentage of the global supply chain than China at nearly every stage. Klein pointed out that when Tesla first opened the Nevada Gigafactory, it had an annual production target of 35 GWh, and Tesla would require 25,000 tons … About half the world’s lithium comes from groundwater brine, water rich in lithium salt. He’s concerned that automakers right now are not approaching the industry correctly and not committing to a high enough volume of lithium, setting themselves up for a price spike in the coming years as EV demand increases.
Today Albemarle’s Nevada site is the only active lithium mine in the U.S., extracting lithium from brine using evaporation ponds. To date, the biggest initiative to spur domestic critical minerals production is the Department of Energy’s On the legislative front, the bipartisan American Mineral Security Act (More targeted in scope, Senator Ted Cruz’s ORE Act (In the U.S. House of Representatives, Reps. Michael Waltz (R-FL) and Paul Gosar (R-AZ) recently introduced the American Critical Mineral Exploration and Innovation Act of 2020 (Another option to reduce dependence on China is recycling. Pretty much everything — from your phone, to electric vehicles, to utility-scale storage solutions — is finding applications for lithium.Perhaps you’ve read about the new lithium-ion battery that Tesla is working on with Chinese battery maker Contemporary Amperex Technology Co. Ltd. (CATL) that is said to last for more than 1 million miles and would have an earth shaking impact on battery technology.U.S.
What’s more, over 65% of global production is concentrated in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, a country in which the United Nations still maintains a peacekeeping presence.Like many of these critical minerals, lithium faces the same challenges. national security is weakened if the ability to build in the United States depends on materials and exchanges far outside U.S. control.In 2018 the U.S. Department of the Interior published a list of 35 critical minerals: minerals that are “critical to the economic and national security of the United States.”The U.S. imports most of these critical minerals in varying quantities. Ivan noted that, currently, there is an oversupply of lithium.
This would help the country avoid supply disruptions like those seen during the oil crises in the 1970s. The company also historically mined hard rock at its North Carolina site; Albemarle currently runs a chemical conversion plant in North Carolina and is investigating the potential to restart the North Carolina mining operation.The U.S. is ripe with potential to develop more of the lithium supply chain. Ivan noted that, currently, there is an oversupply of lithium. Further, that investment is not happening today because the price of lithium is rather low.He also shared that what would drive the price of lithium up (not the share price but the materials price) is simply Tesla and other OEMs selling more EVs. China’s dominance of the global battery supply chain creates a competitive advantage that the U.S. has no choice but to rely on.
In the rapidly growing battery industry, there’s currently no more ambitious project than Tesla’s Gigafactory 1 in Nevada.
He noted that he’s met some of the Tesla employees who are responsible for sourcing minerals and that they understand the idea that Tesla would do well if it had its own mine. The components to build a successful supply chain for American lithium and energy storage exist: lithium reserves, a capable workforce, domestic demand, and economic power. He explained that 2020’s global lithium production output is at 300,000 tons per year. They are able to get minerals and turn them into battery cells and have battery packs coming out the other side.During his talk, Kelty explained how they choose to introduce suppliers to the Gigafactory based on the efficiency of the supply chain and how they plan to grow their presence inside the plant.He also explains the challenges behind switching to a new cell format for the cells produced at the Gigafactory:He identified Nickel, Cobalt, Graphite and lithium as the biggest cost drivers for the overall battery cost. Making a lithium-ion battery is an energy-intensive manufacturing process as well. Although abundant, lithium is hard to extract and process.
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